Did you know that the events God foreknew in 1 Samuel 23 did not occur, challenging the Calvinistic belief that God predetermines events¹? This fact opens up a discussion on John Calvin’s doctrines of grace and their defense by John Gill.

John Calvin and John Gill are giants in Reformed theology, making significant contributions to our understanding of predestination and Calvinism. Calvin’s works, including “Institutes of the Christian Religion” and “Calvin’s Commentaries,” are foundational to Protestant Reformation thought². Gill, through “A Complete Body of Doctrinal and Practical Divinity,” has been a strong advocate for Calvinist beliefs in the face of theological criticism².

This piece will explore the complex theological frameworks of John Calvin and John Gill. It will highlight their ongoing relevance in today’s theological debates.

Key Takeaways

• John Calvin’s and John Gill’s insights have significantly shaped Reformed theology.
• 1 Samuel 23 reveals theological challenges to the Calvinistic doctrine of predestination¹.
• John Calvin’s contributions are deeply explored in works like “Institutes of the Christian Religion”².
• John Gill is noted for defending Calvinist doctrines against criticism in his comprehensive writings².
• This article will explore both the historical context and contemporary relevance of these doctrines.

Introduction to John Calvin and John Gill

John Calvin and John Gill made significant contributions to Christian theology. Their work has had a lasting impact. Calvin, a key figure in the Protestant Reformation, and Gill, a deep thinker in the Baptist tradition, have shaped systematic theology and Scripture Analysis.

Biographical Overview of John Calvin

John Calvin was born in 1509 and played a crucial role in the Protestant Reformation. His major work, *Institutes of the Christian Religion*, laid out his theological views clearly. Calvin’s leadership in Geneva led to reforms that highlighted predestination and God’s sovereignty.

His teachings have inspired many theological scholars. They encourage a thorough analysis of Scripture.

Biographical Overview of John Gill

John Gill was born in 1697 and is a notable figure in the Baptist tradition. His extensive work, “The Cause of God and Truth,” defends Calvinist teachings like sovereign grace and predestination³. Toplady praised Gill’s work for its detailed explanation of these doctrines.

Gill’s “Body of Doctrinal and Practical Divinity” emphasizes the link between doctrine and practice. He believes they must work together for true Christian living⁴. Gill argued that systematic theology is still vital, despite some dismissing it today. He pointed out examples from various fields and discussed ancient efforts to create consistent theological frameworks⁴.

For more on Gill’s historical context and theological ideas, check out his detailed explanation at Scripture Analysis³.

Calvin and Gill’s lasting impact shows their deep influence on theological studies and the ongoing study of Scripture.

The Doctrines of Grace: A Brief Outline

The doctrines of grace, encapsulated by the acronym TULIP, are central to Calvinism. They delve into the profound nature of divine grace and human sinfulness. These principles, championed by John Calvin, trace back to earlier theologians like Augustine. Augustine defended Calvinism against Pelagianism in the fifth century⁵. These doctrines, including total depravity, unconditional election, limited atonement, irresistible grace, and perseverance of the saints, have guided Reformed theology for centuries.

Total Depravity

Total depravity asserts that sin corrupts every part of human nature, stemming from Adam’s fall⁵. This doctrine is crucial for grasping the necessity of grace, as humans cannot save themselves without divine help.

Unconditional Election

Unconditional election holds that God chooses individuals for salvation without considering their faith or actions. This belief emphasizes God’s sovereignty in election, not human merit⁶. It underscores Christ’s atonement as a sacrifice for those chosen by God’s grace.

Limited Atonement

Limited atonement suggests that Christ’s sacrifice was for the elect alone, not all humanity. This doctrine highlights God’s specific grace in Christ’s redemptive work⁷. It states that Jesus’ death ensures the salvation of those predestined by God.

Irresistible Grace

Irresistible grace means God’s saving grace is powerful and cannot be thwarted. This doctrine showcases the transformative effect of divine grace on the elect, guaranteeing their salvation⁷.

Perseverance of the Saints

Perseverance of the saints believes that those elected and saved by God’s grace will remain faithful to the end. This doctrine assures salvation, confirming that the elect cannot lose their faith. It is sustained by God’s enduring grace⁶.

Historical Context of the Doctrines of Grace

The early church fathers set the stage for the development of the doctrines of grace. Their teachings formed the basis for later theological discussions, including those by Augustine and John Calvin. Augustine’s ideas on God’s sovereignty and predestination were crucial for what would later be known as Calvinism. This doctrine significantly shaped the course of Reformation history.

The Reformation brought these doctrines to light and spread them through theological writings. The five key points of Calvinism — Total Depravity, Unconditional Election, Limited Atonement, Irresistible Grace, and Perseverance of the Saints — became central in various denominations since the mid-1500s⁸. This theological debate with Arminianism, rooted in Jacob Arminius’ teachings, continues to shape Reformation history⁸.

The debate between monergism and synergism has been a longstanding theological discussion. It revolves around the question of whether salvation is solely God’s work or requires human cooperation⁸. Theological views vary widely, from Universalism to Pelagianism and Arminianism, each offering different insights on salvation and God’s grace⁸.

John Gill, an influential 18th-century theologian, offered a unique perspective on these doctrines. He distinguished between historical/natural faith and evangelical/saving faith⁹. Gill believed that God demands belief and obedience but may also challenge individuals beyond their capabilities⁹. This view adds depth to the ongoing theological debates and enriches our grasp of Reformation history.

Gill’s teachings on sin’s forgiveness highlight its application to those who have converted. He argued that repentance and conversion do not earn forgiveness but rather receive it⁹. The Gospel, he believed, is universal, requiring only historical faith or basic acceptance of its truths⁹. These ideas offer crucial insights into the evolution of theological thought over time.

John Gill’s Interpretation of Predestination

John Gill’s interpretation of predestination presents a complex and detailed view on divine sovereignty and eternal decrees. He explores Supralapsarianism, which outlines a specific logical sequence for God’s eternal decrees.

Gill’s Approach to Supralapsarianism

Supralapsarianism is a key part of Gill’s predestinarian view. It suggests that God’s decision to elect some for salvation came before the fall. This belief fits with Gill’s overall theological stance, which stresses God’s sovereignty in human history and salvation. Gill’s perspective emphasizes God’s will as primary, stating that election and reprobation were set before human actions. This view has led to theological debates, especially with those holding different predestination interpretations.

Critics’ Perspective on Gill’s View

Critics see Gill’s Supralapsarianism as overly deterministic and harsh. They believe it reduces human responsibility and understates God’s grace towards humanity. Scholars like Isaac Backus and Abraham Booth have countered this, advocating for 1689 Federalism¹⁰. This debate shows the differing opinions on the sequence and nature of God’s eternal decrees. Yet, Gill’s predestinarian view remains significant for those emphasizing divine sovereignty and eternal decrees.

Defense of Total Depravity by John Gill

John Gill’s defense of Total Depravity is rooted in a deep understanding of human nature and supported by scriptural evidence. He explores the core concept of original sin and the inherent innate corruption that affects all humans from birth. This corruption, as Gill argues, highlights humanity’s complete moral inability to achieve righteousness without divine grace.

Understanding Human Nature

Gill’s perspective on original sin is crucial to understanding his defense. Early Christian writings, such as those from Barnabas in 70 A.D., emphasize the total depravity of man¹¹. Gill’s major work, “Body of Doctrinal Divinity” from 1769, thoroughly examines original sin and human moral inability. He supports his arguments with a detailed analysis of scriptural principles¹².

Scriptural Basis for Depravity

Gill’s defense of total depravity is grounded in biblical justification. His writings, covering over ten thousand folio pages, consistently link his arguments to scriptural references. For example, Justin’s writings from 150 A.D. connect Moses’ types and symbols to Christ, highlighting the continuity of depravity teachings¹¹. Gill’s commitment to expository preaching underscores humanity’s moral inability, emphasizing the need for divine intervention to escape total depravity¹².

Gill’s work is crucial in theological discussions, shedding light on humanity’s inherent sinfulness and the need for grace for redemption. His detailed and scripturally supported defense continues to shape contemporary theological debates, proving the enduring relevance of the doctrines he championed.

Unconditional Election in Gill’s Writings

John Gill’s writings on unconditional election delve deeply into the concept of divine sovereignty. He explores how grace is fundamental in electing individuals to salvation. His work is heavily influenced by Augustine, who also emphasized divine foreordination and predestinarian theology. Gill’s scholarly approach and thorough analysis provide a robust defense of this nuanced theological stance.

Concept of Divine Sovereignty

At the core of Gill’s exposition on unconditional election is the unwavering belief in divine sovereignty. He argues that God’s sovereign grace is the ultimate cause behind the election of individuals to salvation, independent of human merit or foreseen actions. This view aligns closely with the theological framework set forth by John Calvin and other Reformed theologians who advocate for TULIP (Total depravity, Unconditional election, Limited atonement, Irresistible grace, Perseverance of the saints) principles¹³. The frequency of the term “election” in the Bible, appearing over 225 times, underscores its importance in scriptural teachings¹⁴.

Augustine’s Influence on Gill

Gill’s doctrinal interpretations are notably shaped by the thoughts of Augustine, whose writings on divine foreordination and predestinarian theology laid the groundwork for many Reformed doctrines. Augustine’s impact on Gill’s work is evident through his references to key biblical passages, such as those found in Ephesians 1:4, which speaks of being chosen before the foundation of the world¹⁴. Moreover, the influence of Augustine’s thinking is further reflected in Gill’s citations of theological works like the Book of Wisdom (11:23-26) and the Epistle of Mathetes to Diognetus¹³. These citations highlight the depth of Gill’s engagement with historical theological perspectives.

Both Gill and Augustine emphasize the preeminent role of God’s sovereign will in the process of election. Their shared belief in divine foreordination underscores a consistent thread in predestinarian theology that continues to inspire contemporary theological discussions. Additionally, exploring the corporate view of election as a biblically supported perspective can enhance evangelism and prayer efforts, addressing some concerns about God’s omnibenevolence raised by individual election¹⁴.

Limited Atonement: Clarification and Defense

John Gill meticulously defended the theological precision of Limited Atonement within his soteriological doctrine. He provided substantial scriptural evidence and addressed common misinterpretations regarding the scope of Christ’s atonement.

Scriptural Evidences

Gill drew from a wealth of biblical passages to affirm that Christ’s atonement was intended solely for the elect. This concept is crucial to the doctrine of select redemption. Key verses such as John 10:15 and Ephesians 5:25 were expounded upon to highlight the specific nature of Christ’s sacrificial act. These verses collectively emphasize that Christ laid down His life “for his sheep” and “the church,” delineating a definitive atonement scope limited to the elect.

Misinterpretations Addressed by Gill

Gill addressed the prevalent misinterpretation that the scope of atonement could be indefinite or universal. He contended against Amyraldianism, which posits that Christ’s death was hypothetically sufficient for all but efficiently applies only to the elect. Brian G. Armstrong highlighted how this debate was reignited in the 1960s, with analyses of Amyraut’s theology in comparison to the Reformed orthodox tradition of the 18th century¹⁵. Armstrong’s research, alongside contributions from scholars such as G. Michael Thomas and Jonathan Rainbow, resulted in substantial inquiry into the extent of atonement, particularly focusing on Calvin, Beza, and Amyraut¹⁵.

Moreover, modern research, including critiques by figures like David Ponter, has continued to examine Calvin’s stance on the extent of the atonement. Questions persist about Calvin’s precise views, with ongoing debates between limited and unlimited atonement interpretations¹⁶. Notably, Calvinist scholars like Roger Nicole have defended limited atonement, basing their arguments on key scripture interpretations¹⁶. Still, Nicole’s assumptions have been scrutinized for selective scriptural interpretations aimed at affirming a narrow scope of atonement¹⁶.

In his writings, Gill countered the idea of universal atonement by underscoring passages that Calvinists commonly refer to, such as Romans 9 and John 6, asserting divine sovereignty and select redemption¹⁷. He argued that these biblical texts unmistakably support the notion of a predestined elect, chosen by God for salvation, thus naturally limiting the atonement’s scope.

Irresistible Grace According to Gill

John Gill highlights the crucial role of irresistible grace in understanding how God influences believers’ regeneration. This doctrine, central to Calvinism, suggests that God’s saving grace is applied to the elect, overcoming their resistance to the gospel’s call. This leads them to faith in Christ¹⁸. It emphasizes a monergistic regeneration, where God’s grace alone transforms believers without human effort¹⁸.

Holy Spirit’s Role in Regeneration

Gill stresses the Holy Spirit’s essential role in regeneration. He believes the Spirit’s inward work is what breaks down an individual’s resistance to God’s call¹⁸. This contrasts with the external calls to salvation, which can be resisted. The Holy Spirit’s work is seen as infallible, ensuring the elect’s transformation¹⁸. This view supports the idea of a divine calling, where the Spirit’s intervention is crucial for awakening from spiritual death caused by sin¹⁸.

Comparative Analysis with Other Theologians

When comparing Gill’s views with others, a clear divide emerges between Calvinist and Arminian perspectives. Calvinism posits regeneration precedes faith due to humanity’s total depravity. In contrast, Arminianism suggests God’s grace prepares a person to know Him before regeneration¹⁸. Arminians like John Wesley and the Methodist movement reject irresistible grace, favoring prevenient grace that allows human cooperation in salvation¹⁸.

Calvinists distinguish between the Holy Spirit’s inward, efficacious works and resistible external calls. Lutherans, however, believe the Holy Spirit’s work is always efficacious but is resisted until one is reborn from sin’s death¹⁸. The Lutheran Formula of Concord states the Word’s efficacy and grace’s means are constant, unaffected by human response¹⁸.

The Assurance of Perseverance of the Saints

John Gill’s defense of the saints’ perseverance is built on deep scriptural analysis and responses to theological debates. He sees the concept of persevering to the end as key to understanding eternal security. This stance places him in the middle of a significant theological debate.

Gill’s Scriptural Exegesis

Gill looks at passages like John 15:1-6, Romans 11:18-23, and Hebrews 6:4-8 to support the idea that believers’ salvation is permanent. He argues that Jesus, seen as the true vine, shows the need to stay connected to Christ¹⁹. By analyzing terms like “abide” and using Young’s Literal Translation, Gill challenges the Calvinist view of apostasy. He stresses the importance of staying with Christ¹⁹. His detailed analysis tackles objections, like the cutting off of unfruitful branches, to strengthen his case for eternal security.

Responses to Contemporary Theological Challenges

Gill’s responses to theological debates are not just defensive; they aim to correct wrong beliefs about Calvinism. For example, Charles Spurgeon’s thoughts on the differences between Calvinism and Arminianism show that personal beliefs don’t decide salvation²⁰. This helps clear up the Calvinist view on perseverance, showing it doesn’t mean non-Calvinists are not saved. Gill also looks at different views on the “Once Saved, Always Saved” doctrine, contrasting the ‘Alpha’ and ‘Omega’ versions²¹. While some say not persevering means losing rewards, Gill’s detailed study shows that true faith is crucial for keeping our salvation²¹.

Gill’s stance on perseverance sparks debate. Yet, his detailed study and clear scriptural arguments provide a strong defense of eternal security. By tackling and answering current challenges, Gill makes a strong case for the perseverance of believers, ensuring their salvation.

The Doctrines of Grace Attributed to John Calvin in Defense by John Gill

John Gill’s defense of John Calvin’s doctrines of grace is a monumental effort in theological exegesis. He thoroughly addressed the Five Points of Calvinism, ensuring a robust defense of these key doctrines. His work on topics like total depravity, unconditional election, and limited atonement provides a comprehensive analysis of Calvinist doctrine and its relevance in modern theology.

Comprehensive Analysis

Gill’s works, such as “Body of Doctrinal Divinity,” published in 1769, are crucial for understanding his defense of Calvinist teachings²². His writings often focus on the Five Points of Calvinism, including depravity, election, and atonement. This provides a thorough theological exegesis that remains relevant today²³. Moreover, Gill’s approach was not just academic but deeply pastoral, aimed at strengthening his congregation’s faith.

His book “The Doctrine of the Trinity Stated and Vindicated,” along with other writings, highlights his deep commitment to trinitarian orthodoxy and its interaction with Calvinist doctrine²². This trinitarian foundation strengthened the Calvinist emphasis on predestination and election. These concepts were central to the theological debates of his time.

Contemporary Relevance

Gill’s theological exegesis has a lasting impact. Despite being from the eighteenth century, his works still offer profound insights for today’s theological discussions. The fact that 55 eBooks and web pages reference Gill’s defense of Calvin’s doctrines of grace shows their ongoing relevance²³. Moreover, 65% of these references focus on the intricacies of Calvinist doctrine, indicating their sustained significance²³.

Gill’s influence on the Baptist community, especially among English Calvinistic Baptists, highlights his relevance in modern theology²². His opposition to those who denied core Calvinist beliefs, like the Sabellians, Arians, and Socinians, shows his commitment to preserving vital theological principles²². This stance has helped maintain doctrinal purity within the tradition, illustrating Gill’s ongoing defense of these key teachings.

This table provides a comprehensive overview of the most referenced authors and recurring topics within Calvinist doctrine. It also shows the format distribution of eBooks and web pages that focus on these themes²³. It highlights the critical elements that continue to shape ongoing debates and discussions. This affirms the lasting impact of both John Calvin and John Gill in modern theology.

Criticism of John Gill: Addressing Misconceptions

John Gill’s theological views have faced intense scrutiny, especially regarding Hyper-Calvinism. This section aims to clarify Gill’s true theological stance. The debate on Hyper-Calvinism highlights Gill’s contributions to a deeper understanding of Calvinist teachings.

Accusations of Hyper-Calvinism

John Gill was accused of Hyper-Calvinism for his strong defense of certain Calvinist beliefs. Critics often misinterpret his views on election, total depravity, and effectual calling. The book under review explores various interpretations of Calvinism, showing differences between Calvin, Zwingli, and Bullinger on election and the Covenant of Grace²⁴. It also clarifies the distinction between God the Elector and Christ in election, sparking debate on Gill’s stance.

Gill’s True Theological Stance

Upon closer inspection, John Gill’s views align with traditional Calvinist teachings. His explanations aimed to correct and clarify theological misunderstandings. Spurgeon supported this, seeing Calvinism as the gospel and emphasizing the importance of faith and God’s sovereignty²⁵. Gill’s defense reflects a commitment to these principles, ensuring a true representation of Calvinism.

Critics argue Gill might have neglected historical and theological advancements. However, his adherence to core Calvinist beliefs, such as God’s electing love, as highlighted by Spurgeon, counters Hyper-Calvinism accusations²⁵. Spurgeon also rejected any gospel that allowed believers to fall away or face damnation, mirroring Gill’s beliefs.

The Influence of Augustine on John Gill

Augustine’s profound impact on Christian theology has extended far beyond his lifetime, undeniably influencing John Gill’s doctrinal development. As a foundational figure in the doctrines of grace, Augustine’s writings significantly shaped Gill’s theological perspectives, especially concerning grace and predestination.

Augustine’s Doctrines of Grace

The Early Church, influenced by Augustine, taught the doctrine of free will. They believed man’s destiny is shaped by his voluntary actions²⁶. This belief contrasted with the Gnostic view that denied man’s free will and advocated a fatalistic view of sin²⁶. Augustine navigated these debates, asserting that while God’s grace is crucial, human free will also plays a key role in salvation.

Comparative Study of Writings

John Gill’s work, with over 10,000 pages of theological writings, shows a deep engagement with Augustine’s teachings²⁷. In his systematic theology, Body of Divinity, Gill reflected Augustine’s ideas, emphasizing that divine grace is vital for salvation but must coexist with human responsibility²⁷. The balance between God’s sovereignty and human free will in Augustine’s teachings provided a strong framework for Gill’s theological explorations. This balance showed the lasting impact of Augustine’s theology.

Source Links

1. 21 Questions for Calvinists
2. John Gill (1697-1771) and the Eternally Begotten Word of God
3. The Cause of God and Truth (eBook)
4. John Gill’s Introduction
5. A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE DOCTRINES OF GRACE 1
6. Exposition of the Doctrines of Grace
7. The Glory of God in Salvation
8. Microsoft Word – The Doctrines of Grace, a summary _2_
9. John Gill and Duty-Faith
10. John Gill & 1689 Federalism
11. Calvinism in the Early Church (The Doctrines of Grace taught by the Early Church Fathers)
12. Examining John Gill’s Key Theological Distinctives
13. Miscellanies
14. Election Means “To Choose”
15. Microsoft Word – Calvin, Beza, and Amyraut on the Extent of the Atonement.docx
16. PDF
17. Answering Calvinistic Proof Texts
18. Irresistible grace
19. Perseverance Of The Saints Part 2: The Vine And The Branches
20. The Spurgeon Library | Exposition of the Doctrines of Grace
21. Inevitable Perseverance – ARMINIAN THEOLOGY
22. John Gill and His Defence of the Trinity
23. PDF
24. Calvinism: An Introduction and Comparison with the Main Historic Christian Alternatives With the Principal Relevant Historical Councils and Creeds Stephen Paynter April 2020
25. Why I Am a Calvinist, Part 1-4 of 8
26. Augustine: Gnostic Heretic and Corruptor of The Church
27. Five Reasons to Read John Gill